Tunnel Between Morocco and Spain: Final Route and Seismic Tests Underway

Introduction

In a significant development, the ambitious project to build a tunnel connecting Morocco and Spain under the Strait of Gibraltar has entered its execution phase. Despite being one of the most daunting engineering challenges in modern history, the governments of both countries are resolute in their determination to see this project through to completion.

Technical Studies and Current Advances

The Spanish government has recently initiated a crucial step by procuring four seafloor seismometers valued at €487,872. These instruments, developed by the Geophysics section of the Royal Observatory of the Navy (ROA) in Spain, will be used for a sismotectonic research campaign. This campaign, scheduled to last six months, aims to study the seafloor of the Strait of Gibraltar and will be conducted by the SECEGSA (Société espagnole d’études pour la communication fixe à travers le détroit de Gibraltar) in collaboration with the Royal Observatory and the Navy's Observatory in San Fernando, near Cadiz[3].

Experimental Tunnel

To better understand the technical and geological challenges, particularly those related to tectonic constraints in the region, an experimental underwater tunnel will be dug. This phase is essential for determining the optimal route for the final 27 to 30 kilometers long tunnel[1].

Data Analysis

Comprehensive digitization of existing data is ongoing, including updating databases and integrating modern information systems for optimal management of geological, hydraulic, and environmental information[1].

Bilateral Cooperation and Project Management

Strengthened Collaboration

In April 2023, a new cooperation agreement was signed with the Centre d’Études des Transports pour la Méditerranée Occidentale (CETMO) to harmonize efforts and meet international standards. This partnership aims to manage technical challenges effectively[1].

Organizational Modernization

Both the Moroccan (SNED) and Spanish (SECEGSA) entities responsible for the project are working on refactoring their organizational systems. This includes updating regulations, creating a joint technological complex, and developing a procedures manual for better coordination[1].

Project Scope and Ambitions

Strategic Link

The tunnel is envisioned as a strategic link between Africa and Europe, set to transform economic and human exchanges in the region. It symbolizes a shared commitment by Morocco and Spain to strengthen their relations while tackling significant technological challenges[1].

Key Statistics

• Length: Approximately 38.5 kilometers, with 28 kilometers under the sea[4].
• Capacity: Estimated annual transit of 12.8 million passengers and 13 million tons of goods[3][4].
• Structure: Two single-track tunnels with a diameter of 7.9 meters, accompanied by a 6-meter service gallery. Transverse passages every 340 meters will connect these structures[3].

Economic and Social Impact

The construction of this tunnel is expected to significantly reduce transportation and logistics costs, enhance commercial exchanges, and consolidate relationships between Europe and Africa. The project is anticipated to be operational before the 2030 World Cup, which Spain, Portugal, and Morocco will co-host[4].

Financial and International Support

Budget

The estimated cost of the project is around €10 billion, with contributions expected from European and African financial institutions. The Spanish government has allocated an initial budget of €750,000 for feasibility studies[2][4].

International Backing

The project enjoys support from several international actors, including the European Union, the UK, the US, China, Japan, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia. Financial institutions such as the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and the Islamic Development Bank have also expressed their support[4].

Challenges and Future Outlook

Technical Challenges

The project faces significant technical hurdles, including the need for detailed seismic research to evaluate geological risks and finalize the tunnel design. The upcoming sismotectonic research campaign is crucial for ensuring the project's viability and safety[3].

Diplomatic and Financial Hurdles

Historical diplomatic tensions between Spain and Morocco, particularly over the Western Sahara issue, have been a major obstacle. However, recent improvements in diplomatic relations have revived the project's momentum. The new diplomatic framework established in spring 2023 has reinvigorated the idea of the tunnel[5].

Conclusion

The Morocco-Spain tunnel project is a monumental undertaking that promises to redefine connectivity between Africa and Europe. With methodical approaches, coordinated efforts, and significant international support, this project is on track to become a reality. As the project progresses, it will undoubtedly mark a significant turning point in the economic and social development of the Western Mediterranean region.

Table: Key Project Details

List: Project Phases and Milestones

• Experimental Tunnel: Creusement of an experimental underwater tunnel to understand technical and geological challenges.
• Data Analysis: Comprehensive digitization of existing data and integration of modern information systems.
• Sismotectonic Research: Upcoming campaign using seafloor seismometers to evaluate geological risks.
• Feasibility Studies: Ongoing studies to determine the optimal route and finalize the tunnel design.
• Bilateral Cooperation: Strengthened collaboration between Morocco and Spain through agreements and joint organizational efforts.
• Financial Planning: Allocation of initial budget and securing international financial support.
• Construction Phase: Expected to commence by 2030, with the project aiming to be operational before the 2030 World Cup.
• Operational Phase: The tunnel is anticipated to significantly reduce transportation costs and enhance economic exchanges between Europe and Africa.